The Restrictive Only / Not Only in French

There are two common French equivalents for the restrictive only in English: seulement and ne... que. These two terms mean essentially the same thing, but seulement is an adverb of quantity while ne... que is a negative adverb, so theyre used a bit differently Seulement: Only The simplest way to say only in French is with the adverb seulement, which can qualify a noun, verb, or clause.Jai seulement un livre.I have only one book. Il voit seulement les films à ©trangers.He only sees foreign movies. Note how the placement of seulement can change the meaning: Jai lu seulement deux pages pour te faire plaisir.I read only two pages to please you. (You didnt want  me to read more.) Jai lu deux pages seulement pour te faire plaisir.I read two pages only to please you. (I didnt feel like reading, but I did it for you.) Il veut seulement travailler à   la banque.He only wants to work at the bank. (He doesnt want to invest there). Il veut travailler seulement à   la banque.He wants to work only at the bank. (He doesnt want to work at the store). Ne... Que: Only in the Negative An equally common but slightly more complicated way to say only is with ne... que, which is used similarly to other negative adverbs: ne goes in front of the verb and que  usually follows it.Je nai quun livre.I have only one book.Il ne voit que les films à ©trangers.He sees only foreign movies.As with seulement, you can change the meaning by placing que directly in front of the word you want to qualify.Je nai lu que deux pages pour te faire plaisir.I read only two pages to please you.Je nai lu deux pages que pour te faire plaisir.I read two pages only to please you.Il ne veut que travailler à   la banque.He only wants to work at the bank.Il ne veut travailler quà   la banque.He wants to work only at the bank.Note that indefinite and partitive articles do not change to de after ne... que, the way they do after other negative adverbs:Je nai quun livre.I have only one book.Il ne veut que des idà ©es.He only wants ideas, Hes just looking for some ideas. Negation: Not Only To say not only, you can negate ne... que into ne... pas que, which can stand alone or be followed by additional information: Je nai pas que 3 livres (jai 2 stylos aussi).I dont have only 3 books (I have 2 pens too)Il ny a pas que le travail (il faut vivre aussi).Work isnt all there is; theres more [to life] than just work.Il nà ©tait pas quen retard....He wasnt just late (theres more to it than that). Seulement Seulement has two negatives. The first one, ne... pas seulement is pretty much interchangeable with ne... pas que.Je nai pas seulement 3 livres...I dont have only 3 books ...Il ny a pas seulement le travail....Work isnt all there is...Il nà ©tait pas seulement en retard....He wasnt just late... Non-Seulement The other negative,  non seulement, cannot be used in a stand-alone clause; it must be balanced with something like aussi, mais encore, etc.Il y a non seulement le travail  ; il faut vivre aussi.Work isnt all there is; you have to live too. Non seulement jai 3 livres, mais aussi 2 stylos.I dont have only 3 books, I have 2 pens too.Non seulement il à ©tait en retard, mais encore il à ©tait ivre.He was not only late, but drunk (too). Not only was he late, he was (also) drunk.

The Time Of Cholera By Gabriel Garcia Marquez - 1571 Words

Gabriel Garcia Mà ¡rquez in Love in the Time of Cholera, depicts a man hopelessly in love with a woman whose father forbids them from marrying. Fermina Daza finds herself in a loveless marriage with Dr. Juvenal Urbino de Calle, someone who will provide her with financial security. Zora Neale Hurston in Their Eyes Were Watching God portrays Janie Mae Crawford in her search for love. Janie is a young black woman who seems to be to be the talk of the town when she returns from her hometown of Eatonville, Florida after nearly a two year absence. She marries several times for many reasons, all except for love. The women in both, Love in The Time of Cholera, and Their Eyes Were Watching God, suffer in that they marry for advantage rather than†¦show more content†¦During a long career of liaisons, seductions, and work for the River Company, Florentino persists in his unquenchable hope for life with Fermina. Juvenal Urbino, an eminent doctor, civic leader, and staunch Catholic, d edicates his life to eradicating cholera by introducing modern science to putrid swamp areas (Jennings 1). Jennings describes the differences between Florentino and Dr. Urbino. Florentino is a loyal romantic who endlessly seeks the love of Fermina whereas, Juvenal Urbino is set in his ways and dedicates his life to putting an end to cholera. With this Dr. Urbino has status and wealth. This brings light to Lorenzo Daza’s reasoning for taking Fermina away and promoting a relationship with Dr. Juvenal Urbino. When Janie is young, she looks for nothing more than love in a relationship. Janie’s grandmother, Nanny, catches her kissing Johnny Taylor across the gatepost. The kiss outrages Nanny and she then arranges a marriage between Janie and Logan Killicks. Janie expresses her grief and Nanny responds with, â€Å"Better leave things de way dey is. Youse young yet. No tellin’ whut mout happen befo’ you die. Wait awhile, baby. Yo’ mind will change† (Hurston 24). Janie wants love more than anything in a marriage, Nanny claims that it is best to marry for security and love will come later. It is because of Nanny’s influence that led Janie to marry Logan Killicks, Joe Starks, andShow MoreRelatedThe Time Of Cholera By Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesIs Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez’s legendary novel, Love in the Time of Cholera, truly a â€Å"love story†? Unfortunately, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez does not deal in the art of drug store romance novels, as the narrative of Love in the Time of Cholera â€Å"cannot be reduced to its themes, or moral schema.† (Wilson 280) His novel does not feed us a singular concept of â€Å"true love† in the same way such notions have been popularized in western media and literature – it is far more complex and multifarious than such, which is partRead MoreGabriel Garcia Marquez Literary Analysis1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe two fundamental elements that contribute to Gabriel Garcia Marquez in becoming one of the best and successful writers in the Spanish language are being raised and educated by his maternal grandparents and Aracataca his birthplace. Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s grandparents are the essential key that makes him success as a famous writer since his experience, writing style and way of thinking comes from them and eventually all these elements appear in his novels. Aracataca his hometown plays a significantRead MoreGabriel Garcia Marquez1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbut also in the simpler ones, themes like the fight between good and evil, love, between others. 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Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, GaboRead MoreEssay on One Hundred Years of Solitude858 Words   |  4 PagesBelieved by many to be one of the worlds greatest writers, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American Boom. Affectionately known as Gabo to millions of readers, he first won international fame with his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature. Whether writing short stories, epic novels, or nonfiction, Gabo is above all a brilliant storytellerRead MoreSummary Of Gabriel Garcia M?ï ¿ ½rquez745 Words   |  3 PagesShort Story Author Presentations: Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez was born March 6, 1958 in Aracataca, Colombia. He was the son Gabriel Eligio Garcà ­a, a telegraphist, and Luisa Santiaga Mà ¡rquez de Garcà ­a. Shortly after Gabriel’s birth, his mother and father left home to find work (â€Å"Mà ¡rquez, Gabriel†). He was raised by his maternal grandparents for the first eight years of his life (â€Å"Garcia Marquez†). A majority of the people in his area was illiterate and newspapers did not circulateRead MoreEssay on The Life of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Exposed in His Works910 Words   |  4 PagesThe Life of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Exposed in His Works   Ã‚  Ã‚   The majority of literary critics would not hesitate in praising the works   of Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Garcia Marquez is often considered one of the   greatest writers to come out of Latin America. Born in Aracataca, a small   town in northern Columbia, he was primarily raised by his maternal   grandparents (Britannica). Biographies often indicate a presence of a large   community including an abundance of relativesRead MoreAnalysis Of Love In The Time Of Cholera1444 Words   |  6 Pagesin The Time Of Cholera is romantic, slightly comedic novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The novel was published in 1985, in Spanish, and then was later translated to spanish. The author switches tenses throughout the book to tell the story and include flashbacks. The novel Love in The Time Of Cholera is a novel about waiting for true love. Gabriel Garcia Marquez uses figurative language to help the reader feel the story. The narrative of the story is omniscient. In the novel, Love in The Time Of CholeraRead More The Short Stories of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Short Stories of Gabriel Garcia Marquez Short story writer. Novelist. Journalist. Political activist. Nobel Prize winner. 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Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Outline free essay sample

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay, Research Paper Outline Entitle the Cuban missile crisisThesis statement the Cuban missile crisis about brought another war to America and a atomic war between the United States and the U.S.S.R Introduction Problem how did the Cuban missile crisis affect American and why did it get down Body What was Kennedy # 8217 ; s reaction to the u-2 surveillance of Cuba How did Kennedy halt the USSR from edifice and finishing the missile base in Cuba What was the over all monetary value the United States had to pay because of their actions Why did Castro desire the USSR to charge a atomic missile base How how was the Bay of Pigs invasion linked to the Cuban missile crisis Decision- gt ; It deterred friendly relationship with Cuba and besides Kennedy had a much closer call to a atomic war so he learned from the experienceMentionsOn the dorsum of the essayCuban Missile Crisis about brought another war to America and a atomic seige between the United States and the USSR but how did it impact America and its people. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page { Cuban missile crisis Internet } When Kennedy received the U-2 surveillance of the Cuban missile site that was under building by the Russians. He was highly disquieted because of the site was so close to America and besides the atomic payloads had a grater scope of travel. They were at the terminal of the 2nd universe war Russia captured most of the u-2 specializers and American captured atomic specializers from Germany. So Kennedy expected that the Russians atomic missile were able to go a longer distance that in bend disquieted Kennedy in the first topographic point, but now since the Russians had a base so near to America. Kennedy had really few options to take from was either an invasion, a direct air work stoppage, or a colony threw the United Nations. ( Encyclopedia Britannica published 1988 ) He tried to decide threw the United Nations because the other two were excessively hazardous the air work stoppage would neglect because of Russians S.A.M sites. He did non desire to travel for a direct work stoppage against Cuba because they tried a few months ago the get out the Communist # 8217 ; s authorities and needed in a complete failure. ( World Book Encyclopedia published 1993 ) The president had to do some kind of discord associating to the atomic missals in Cuba and how to halt the Russians from finishing their atomic silos in Cuba. He was really limited to what he was able to make abort the state of affairs he had three base thoughts an air work stoppage, a direct invasion, or a colony through the United Nations. The takes through the United Nation was the least to do a serous quandary and a reaction to his disition ( Kennedy was fearful of a entire atomic universe war ) . But when the Sovietss dinned that there was any Russian atomic base in Cuba and could non make a comprise. Kennedy did non desire to hold a direct invasion because it might go on like the Bay of Pigs invasion. And an air work stoppage would demo the Russians that they were hostile and might do the Sovietss to establish their missiles at America. ( Cuban missile cyberspace ) After audience with the secretary of defence he decided for a umbilicus encirclement enchantress had the least reverberations in the months to come. ( Encyclopedia americana published 1988For the umbilicus encirclement to work Kennedy needed at least60 % of his conflict ships to environ Cuba and forestall any Soviet ships from making Cuba.After the bay of hogs invasion the Cuban-American relationships were about none excepted, and besides Cuba changed to a Communists state witched did non better relationships but Cuba and America were at least still merchandising with each other but after the Cuban missile crisis thy stooped trading. And now America had a hostile nabor enchantress had some atomic missiles left over from the sovets left Cuba. America neer had a really good relationship with Cuba but now they were hostile, close, and entree the atomic missiles and atomic payloads. The people of Cuba resented America for many old ages after the encirclement and the Cuban missile crises. With more resent maters in head the state of Cuba became resentful of the Soviet Union and expressed hatred towards AmericaCastro wanted Ade from t he Soviet govement because of the resent onslaught on Cuba the boot out the freshly elected communist party but failed. So cast believed that America would seek it once more to acquire rid of the comunist authorities in Cuba besides since there state was communist and America did non desire to merchandise with to Cuba so they had to happen another communist state to merchandise with them because no democratic state would of all time merchandise with a Communist province. So Russia was one of the most obvious dissention because they were Communists and really willing to assist out a fledging state because they would be able to construct a atomic base for the ability to place their missiles closer to the enemy marks ( America and some of Canada ) and the state that they where assisting out would experience safe following to a ace power because that had person backup so up. Cuba other ground was that blast in instance that America invaded Cuba the Cuban people would experience safe because they would hold a ace power endorsing them up.The Bay of Pigs invasion greatly influenced the Cuban missile crisis. The bay of hogs invasion was a program to acquire rid of the Communist party in Cuba via a direct work stoppage Kennedy suspected that the Cuban gorillas would assist them out because of their openness in the work stoppage. Its failure occurred because at the last minute Kennedy recalled the air support strategic land to air missile sites or S.A.M. sites for short. These would do excessively much loss of aircraft and strategic boomers. When the inverted stormed the shores they were unable to progress because of the gun turrets stooped their progress and at the ulterior terminal they had to draw out because of grating lose. This was a really embracing mater because they had lost a grate trade of figure of speechs to a lesser state. The people of Cuba that despised the America turned its disfavor to hatred of America and its people. American would experience the reverberations for the following twosome of old ages.It deterred friendly relationship between Cuba and America besides Kennedy had a much closer touch to entire atomic war carnival. MentionsCuban missile crisis { Internet } October 15, 1999 Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpol.org/jfk/cubanEncyclopedia Americana published in 1988 published by Grolier incorporate { pg. 306-307 }Encyclopedia Britannica Macromedia published in 1995 published by encyclopaedia Britannica incorporated { pg. 358 }The Cuban missile crisis { cyberspace } September 18,1999 URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sea-ski.com/cmc/World Book Encyclopedia published in 1993 published by universe Book incorporated { pg1179 }

The Blast in Centralia Essay Example

The Blast in Centralia Paper Those alternatives included focusing on; the lack f efficient timing in responding to recommendations, the lack of follow through in holding some entity responsible when those recommendations did not get addressed, the lack of setting professional boundaries between the owners of the Centralia Coal Mine No. 5 and government officials, and the lack of accountability on the managerial staff at the coal mine. I will also briefly address Scandals motivation towards the Constitution and bureaucracy. The Centralia Mine No. 5 , South of Centralia, Illinois, opened in 1907. Producing up to 2,000 tons per day this medium- mall mine had about 250 hardworking men to get the job done. According to there hadnt been many deaths compared to other coal mines, but that No. 5 was always dusty and dry. There seemed to be a great deal of non-compliance with the mining laws based on Scandals observations and recommendations. The first alternative that he could have focused on as the mine Inspector was why there was a time lag In response to the recommendations he made. Martin tells us there were a total of thirteen letters based on the reports of Scandal and no evidence that the coal company even responded. We will write a custom essay sample on The Blast in Centralia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Blast in Centralia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Blast in Centralia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This went on for about three years and the coal company was never closed down based on the fact that the recommendations for improvements were never addressed. How could so much time elapse without someone being held responsible for not following the mining laws? Scandal continued his routine Inspections and often found the mine In worse condition than the previous time. With this continuing there was only a matter of time before the something was predestined to happen. Now focusing on the alternative that someone should be held responsible, Manager Brown never offered a plan on how e could assist in getting the mine up to code. He never advocated for his employees nor challenged the horrible working conditions that ultimately led to their demise. Scandal also had the authority to close the mine down if it had persisting violations which It did. He worried about losing his Job If he decided to close the mine which proved to be a selfish move. He did however have to consult with the mining board if he felt as though he needed to close the mine and Robert Weir had already commented that We honestly didnt think the mine was dangerous enough to close. Why did Scandal accept this? He deemed the mine dangerous on all of his inspections but yet it remained open. This brings us to the next alternative Scandal could have focused on which was the professional boundaries not set between the government McCall Ana ten coal milling company Itself surely tense violations Tanat were found by Scandal didnt suddenly appear overnight when he became the inspector. Who was the inspector before and why hadnt they reported this en ormous amount of violations and why hadnt they taken action to rectify the issues? The mining union even wrote a letter to Governor Green begging for help to enforce the inning laws and protect their lives. Governor Green promised during his campaign that he would enforce the mining laws to the letter of the law but when the miners needed him he wasnt there for them. Did the Governor have a personal interest in the mining company? Scandal appointed by Governor Green never lost focus of his job as the mine inspector as so many other inspectors had. Some inspectors would do their reports in the mining office and it was even rumored that at times the inspectors would have drinks with the company owners. This showed in no way a noonday between the government officials and the owners. These inspectors clearly had an agenda and it wasnt to protect the miners. The last alternative Scandal could have focused on was the lack of accountability on the managerial staff at the mine company. I briefly touched on Manager Brown earlier in this paper, but he did not in my opinion look out for the best interest of the miners who worked very hard on a day to day basis. He looked out for the interest of the mining company and couldnt see past the money that was being made for the company by the dedicated miners. Brown responded to some of the requests by saying that some of the miners were older and didnt want to work the extra hours to fix the concerns. This was certainly a lot to ask of the miners, but why couldnt they fix these concerns during there regular work hours? Scandals motivation towards the Constitution should have been to save these workers from what seemed to be a disaster that was coming anytime soon. Unfortunately, Scandal, as a public administrator didnt hold his responsibility to the public because he did not do everything is his power to close down the mine.

First Amendment Essays (1494 words) - , Term Papers

First Amendment In the First Amendment, it is stated that: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. These aforementioned statements ratified by our forefathers are commonly referred to as the freedom of expression. The freedom of expression is not only limited to speech; it refers to all forms of exchanging ideas: religion, press, assembly, petition, etc. In Alan M. Dershowitz's essay, "Shouting Fire!", he boldly claims that Justice Holmes' analogy of "shouting 'Fire!' in a crowded theater" to circulating pamphlets to the public during wartime that contain political ideas against the draft is both "self-deceptive or self-serving" (Dershowitz, 328). However, shouting "Fire!" in a crowded theater does not only refer to the freedom of speech, but to freedom of expression implied by the First Amendment. By shouting "Fire!", an individual is implying alarm, and the indication of alarm will ultmately cause chaos. There is no way that a shout of "Fire!" in a crowded theater, a form of "decontextualized information" (Postman, 8), is the same as the circulation of waritme pamphlets. The idea of "speech" is not specifically defined in the First Amendment. Due to the absence of the authors' intention in using the word, "speech," we are then forced to speculate on the meaning of this nebulous word. In Webster's New World Dictionary, one will find the following: speech (spech) n. [* OE sprecan, speak] 1 the act of speaking 2 the power to speak 3 that which is spoken; utterance, remark, etc. 4 a talk given to an audience 5 the language of certain people Let us interpret "speech" according to the definition given by Webster's New World Dictionary, then "speech" should only constitute audible sound and not also the ideas that may result from the act of speaking. According to this theory, we are then allowed to freely say anything that please us, including the act of shouting "Fire!" in a crowded theater. However, we can clearly see that this is not the intention of the First Amendment from historical evidence. It does not seem that the Supreme Court and the public view only the act of "speaking" to be protected by the First Amendment, for it is the act of expressing ideas that concerns them. Even Justice Holmes announced that "[t]he most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater, and causing a panic. It does not even protect a man from injunction against uttering words that may have all the effect of force" (Dershowitz, 325). Which then leads us to believe that it is the expression of ideas that leads "directly to serious harm" (Dershowitz, 328) to the public that acts as a violation of the First Amendment. However, each individual's interpretation of what may lead directly to serious harm may be different. Some individuals' interpretations of what cause serious harm are more liberal, while others are more conservative: I may find the circulation of pamphlets containing radical political views to be quite detrimental to wartime effort, while others may find that to be virtually harmless. In recognizing that the government does indeed have the right to censor "expressions [that] may lead directly to serious harm" (Dershowitz, 328), Dershowitz implies that there is a hidden status quo, or norm, that individuals within an interpretive community use as a guideline to determine what constitutes extreme disorder. It is then left up to the Supreme Court to act as the absolute authority to set these guidelines for the members of the interpretive community. In order for chaos to occur, there must be people to interpret and interact with ideas that are proposed. If one were to shout "Fire!" in an empty theater, then there would be no chaos resulting from that action; no one would be there to interpret the shout of "Fire!" as a potential alarm. As Justice Holmes pointed out in Schenck v. United States, "the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done" (Dershowitz, 325). However, it was most unfortunate for Schenck to be imprisoned for distributing his political pamphlets, for it was not the intention of these pamphlets to cause chaos: "nothing in the pamphlet suggested that the draftees should use unlawful or violent means to oppose conscription" (Dershowitz, 324). Although the Schenck pamphlets did not directly cause chaos, it was its potential

Iran’s Influence in Iraq The WritePass Journal

Iran’s Influence in Iraq ABSTRACT Iran’s Influence in Iraq spring. At this point Maliki’s opponents took the help of Sadrist because it was necessary at that point of time to obtain 163 votes, which were required to pass a non- confidence motion. Sadr was not willing to break with the other Shiite blocs and side with Maliki’s Kurdish and Sunni opponents in a non- confidence motion, in spite of having meetings between top Kurdish, Iraqiyya, and Sadrist officials (including Sadr himself) in Erbil and Najaf.[26] President Jalal Talabani was also under high pressure from the Iranian government to help and support Maliki, but he directly opposed the initiation of a non-confidence vote in the parliament, saying that there is no proper support for this action.[27] However, by June 2012, it has been evident that the non- confidence vote had faltered. It was in late 2012 reported that the President Talabani had changed his position on a non- confidence motion because of growing tensions among Arabs and Kurds.[28] By the end of 2012, Ta labani suffered a stroke there by ending any chance of renewing push to remove Maliki through a non-confidence measure. De-Ba‘athification served the Iranian ambition more than the Iraqi one. The extensive period of Saddam Hussein’s Ba‘athist rule had left a deep societal mistrust and sectarian divisions. This institution, de-Ba‘athification, was created after Saddam’s downfall in 2003, but it was very quickly politicised, which also applied a ban on the former members of the Ba‘ath party. Again it was noted that there were links between the Iranian-backed militant groups and the head of the Shi‘a-dominated commission and his deputies, Ahmed Chalabi and Ali al- Lami.[29] Iran has been involved in Iraqi politics since 2003. Yet, Iranian efforts to exert influence over politics in Iraq have been evident since 1980s. However, the main point which   is debated is whether Iran is committed to exerting long-term control over such a government, and whether the Iranian government would be comfortable in allowing a Shiite Iraqi government to become militarily and political powerful. It has also been claimed that the Iranian government had exerted persistent political pressure over the US to force the Americans to withdraw their troops in 2008 as per US-Iraq Security Agreement.[30] It has also been observed that Iran normally exerts pressure on the political sphere in Iraq through Iraq’s Shiite political parties by using its religious prowess to garner favour in the Shiite community. It appears that many of the political links were falsified after the Iran-Iraq war. This resulted in a huge number of Iraqi political figures being exiled in Iran and returning in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion to influence the politics in their home country. Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki, had to spend a substantial amount of time in Iran, although most of his exile was spent in Syria, but this was during the rule of Saddam Hussein.[31] Similarly, it has been also noted that the Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr had strong links with the Iranian religious government and political establishment, although the Sadrist movement was basically anti-Iranian.[32] There were lots of other people, who felt that Iran had a negative impact on the instability of Iraq. According to Alsis et al.,[33] after the war the elections backed all major Shiite parties, so that if any of the party wins elections can be beholden to Tehran. Again this was the strategy of Iran to get support, which had led to Shiite divisions, and thus the cause of conflict and instability in many case s. Such political instability was the major cause of the development of various divisions in Iraqi society. The eruption of these division fuelled pressure not only in Iraq but in the entire region. During the 2010 elections, many incidents of violence were reported. This raised the question about the politically unstable country considering the presence of weak coalitions and holding of elections. This has provided Iran with an opportunity to demonstrate its support for Shiites, as this could be conducive to social stability, or such a condition may simply serve to whitewash and thus diminish the reality of the ground situation. The Brookings Institute Iraq Index (2006)[34] had charted a peak in multiple fatality bombings in January 2005, during the elections, and again during other months of the same year. All this has been seen very common in Iraq and somehow very much seen during Ramadan and elections, or in other words, it was considered quite normal during religious and political events. For example, Cordesman cites that â€Å"the number of attacks peaked to some 700 per week in October 2005, before the October 15th referendum on the constitution, compared to 430 per week in mid- January†.[35] In relation to these events, many political groups and parties, who are said to have links to political establishments of Iran and also independent elements within Iran, have argued that most of these groups have strong influence and links to the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI). It has been observed in recent years that the Mahdi Army, which is led by Moqtada al-Sadr, has become very powerful and influential due to reported links with Iran of Sadr.[36] ECONOMIC INFLUENCE Since the US invasion, trade between Iran and Iraq has steadily increased and Iran is now Iraq‘s biggest trading partner[37], and the trade consists of building materials, chemicals, consumer goods, and foodstuffs, much of it via the border at Mehran and Mundhirriya/QasrShirin. In addition to this, Iran has negotiated electricity deals with Iraq that were implemented after the CPA era.[38] According to the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, Iran supplies 750 megawatts of electricity to Iraq daily. Moreover, two Iranian banks have received an approval to open their branches in Iraq.[39] Nonetheless, Iran’s investments in real estate and businesses in Basra, Karbala, and Najaf have been seen as exploitative rather than a form of gratitude from Iraqis.[40] To add to this Iran-Iraq economic ties are strong, and this has been encouraged to some extent by the impact of international sanctions on Iran and in other markets. It was demonstrated by Iran‘s ambassador in August 2010 that Iran would double its trade volume with Iraq.[41] Iranian officials have also indicated that they welcome a strong economic integration between the two countries, â€Å"Our message to Iraqi brothers in my visit is that Iran is fully ready to expand ties with Baghdad. We announced that Tehran is prepared to put its scientific, technical, engineering, economic and commercial potentials at the disposal of Iraq†.[42] In 2005, there were reports that to get a job in Basra, this requires the sponsorship of Iran, as teaching posts were filled only by those who were supporting Iran[43]. As a result, most traders in southern parts of Iran speak Farsi and many accept Iranian currency. Iranian exports include electricity, refined oil products, and cars. It al so helps to fund reconstruction. Iraqis have also started receiving medical care from Iran. Thus, Iran has presented a strong economic influence on Iraq. IRAN’S BROADER ROLE IN IRAQI SECURITY The interests of Iran and Iraq security coincide in certain areas and security competition is complicated as it is seen by some Iraqis that Iran is making huge efforts to acquire nuclear weapons as a Muslim bomb, and not as a threat to Iraq.[44] It was also noted that Iran has given some funding to Iraq‘s security forces in 2005, and Iraq had to promise the United States that Iran would not train Iraqi security forces.[45] Iran had pressurised on the security arrangement between the US and Iraq.   General Odierno who was the Commander of the Multi-National Force in Iraq at that time said on October 12, 2008, that Iran may try to corrupt the members of the Council of Representatives so as to vote against the Status of Forces agreement.[46]   However, in December 2011 Iran indicated that the US forces should withdraw from Iraq, as the US should not use Iraqi land, sea, and air for launching or for any transit point when they attack other countries.[47] It has been argued that some Iraqi military and intelligence officials had significant influence over elements of the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior, and had accused Iran of providing shaped charges and artillery to Iraqi militants. Moreover, Iran had also recruited thousands of Iraqis for gathering information; in fact, Iran has had intelligence agents in northern Iraq for at least 20 years.[48]   As per Dafna Linzer, the rough estimate about Iranian intelligence officers in Iraq in 2007 was about 150.[49] It was also observed that some of the Iranian people felt that an increase in Iraq would be a threat to them, while others have attempted to use Iraq‘s military as a wedge to force the US out of Iraq.[50] As per Iran‘s Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi, Considering the fact that the Iraqi Army can provide security, their presence in the country is not justifiable.[51] THE ROLE OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARD IN IRAQ Immediately after the fall of Saddam in 2003, Iran began funnelling much of its aid to militias in Iraq via the Qods Force, which is a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[52] They not only provided funding, weapons, operatives, and training to groups in Iraq, but also to Islamic militants in Palestine, Bosnia, Hezbollah in Lebanon, fighters in south Sudan, and the Taliban in Afghanistan.[53] It was argued by Mahan Abedin, who is a director of research at the London-based Centre for the Study of Terrorism that Qods’ training was largely focused on utilising intelligence and this was the key to their success. As per official figures, the number of Qods and Iranian intelligence personnel in Iraq was 150, while US commanders believe there were only fewer Shiite provinces.[54] Although the United States was slow to grasp the full extent of Iran‘s expanding role in Iraq, but on July 19, 2005, the United States sent a secret cable to Iran which stated that a British soldier was killed by an explosive which was supplied by Iran, although Iran denied there involvement, which lead to confrontations. [55] The Commander General Petraeus, who was in power during the Multi-National Force operation in Iraq, stated in his testimony to Congress that â€Å"none of us earlier this year appreciated the extent of Iranian involvement in Iraq, something about which we and Iraq‘s leaders all now have greater concern†.[56] Moreover, the Qods was a tool used by Iran directly or indirectly for hurting the US military and also disrupting American interests in Iraq. In 2007, General Petraeus stated that, â€Å"There should be no question about the malign, lethal involvement and activities of the Qods Force in this country†. He went on to add that Iran was â€Å"responsible for providing the weapons, the training, the funding and in some cases the direction for operations that have indeed killed US soldiers†.[57] American officials did not accuse the Qods Force directly for attacking Americans and very carefully said that they were not aware of   leadership of the Iranian go vernment as being involved in the Qods Force‘s activities.[58] Such uncertainty in the US regarding the potential involvement of Iran in hte Qods Force raises certain issues that should be addressed by American politicians. Although the American president, George W. Bush, confidently said that   those arms, ammunitions and explosives, which were used in Iraq, were certainly from the Qods Force, but â€Å"we are not aware whether or not the head leaders of Iran ordered the Quds Force to do what all this   and what all they did †. [59] As per the US intelligence reports, which leaked in 2010, certain details were provided about the precise extent to which Iran was involved in 2006-2009 violence. The report also said that the IRGC used Hezbollah to train militants in Iran before crossing to Iraq. Moreover, General Petraeus had stated Hezbollah‘s role in a 2007 report to Congress.[60] The reports draw on testimony from detainees, captured diaries, and weapons originating in Iran which included explosively formed penetrators, bombs, and surface-to-air missiles. Thus, by all these reports it can be concluded that   Iran had a hand in   training and resourcing of specific attacks, including assassinations of Iraqi ministry officials, mortar attacks on the Green Zone, and also on   kidnappings of American soldiers. In addition, General Petraeus implicated Iran in the 2007 car bombing and killing of two southern Iraqi governors. Besides using Hezbollah to train terrorists, the reports point to both the Badr Corps and Mahdi Army as allies in Iranian efforts.[61] According to the Long War Journal, which is basically based on interviews with senior military and intelligence officials and also mid-level military people, the Qods Force streamlined its operations in Iraq by creating the Ramazan Corps. The Corps was responsible for most of Qods Forces operations in Iraq in 2007 and consists of the Fajr command in the south, Nasr command in the north, and Zafar command in central Iraq. The Qods Force’s aid also included Mahdi Army, the Badr Brigades, the Qazali Network, the Sheibani Network, and many more groups and parties, as they mostly targeted political rivals, the Iraqi Security Forces, and Coalition forces. Moreover, when Badr Brigades and SCIRI formed a government, Iranian groups targeted them.[62] Again as per Brigadier General Kevin Begner, on July 2, 2007, Iran had supplied the Iraqi militias with $3 million per month.[63] Again in 2011, the US raised concerns over Iran‘s involvement in Iraqi violence and said that the incre ase in the number of Americans dying in the summer of 2011 was because Iran had supported Iraqi militants. Again in July, Admiral Mullen said that Iran was supplying militias in Iraq so as to take credit for withdrawing American troops.[64] During the war, which lasted for 8 years, Iran has developed strong ties in terms of religious and political influence with Shiite parties. During this period, Iran played a very important role in mediating between the Iraqi political leaders. It also had strong relations with the Sadrists who are one of the largest political parties in Iran’s ruling collation. Moreover, IRGC also had a significant influence over Iraqi security forces. Iran also has a large mix of resources, which were available in the process of exerting influence upon Iraq after Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003.   Iran also used its influence in Iraq so as to divert the US goals, and pursue its own goals and interests. Iran used its sway in Iraq in order to keep the pro-Iranian Shiite Prime Minister Maliki in power and also to maintain stability along its western border. Thus, it can be argued that Iran’s role in Iraq is very complex, and not a simple task to mould Iraq as per the wishes of Iran. [65] CONCLUSION From all that has been discussed and looked at above, it is beyond doubt that since the invasion of Iraq by the United States and the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has exerted more and more influence in Iraq by both conventional and unconventional methods. It has used a number of tools ranging from economic, political, military, regional to historic to exert such influence and has also formed proxies both with organisations of different profiles and objectives. Sectarianism and factional divisions have also been largely exploited by Iran to achieve its goals. Iranian influence in Iraq is vital to Iran since it considers its importance as a means of establishing its regional dominance and counters the influence of the United States in Iraq. Such efforts of establishing its influence in Iraq have not been without setbacks considering that Iran has had to work with organisations that have been counter-productive in their goals and objectives. The situation in Syria in the past few years has also lessened the viability of Iran’s dominance in the region. Even with such setbacks, Iran has enjoyed some benefits from its dominance in Iraq since trade between the two countries has flourished in a critical moment when Iran was undergoing trade sanctions from the United States and Western countries. One can only wait to see how long such influence will be exerted and whether such status enjoyed by Iran now will continue to exist regardless of the political situation in Iraq.   BIBLIOGRAPHY Al-Jazeera English. (2011). â€Å"Iraqi PM in US to Chart Future Relations.† Accessed July 2, 2014, aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/12/2011121273244299490.html. Allawi, A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven: Yale University Press. Alsis, P., Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A. and Loi, C. 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Becoming Enemies: U. S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979-1988. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Brookings Institution. (2006). â€Å"Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq January 2006.† Accessed August 20, 2014, brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index20060130.pdf. Cockburn, Patrick. â€Å"Iran Increases Hold in Iraq as Shia Militia Enters Politics.† The Independent, 7 January 2012, accessed August 20, 2014, independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-increases-hold-in-iraq-as-shia-militia-enters-politics-6286339.html. Cockburn, P. (2008). Muqtada: Muqtada al-Sadr, The Shi‟a Revival and the Struggle for Iraq. New York: Scribner. Cordesman, A. (2006). â€Å"Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War.† Accessed August 21, 2014, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060622_insurgency.pdf. Cordesman, A. and Khazai, S. (2012). â€Å"Patterns of Violence in Iraq.† Washington DC 20006. 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American History Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American History - Article Example Later on, in 1948, Johnson vied for Senate and won. Whilst he was a senator, in the 1950s, his position on civil rights was clear, especially when he passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960, he wanted to end racial discrimination (Heasman, 2011). Johnson came to office following the tragic assassination of President Kennedy, in 1963, as he was the Vice-president. However, in 1964, he won the presidential elections and set on to keep President Kennedy’s programs alive, including the Civil Rights Movement. Johnson relied on convincing Congress to the Civil Rights Act in 1964 as the Act did away with most discrimination the Black Americans and other races were facing (Cokie and Steve, 2004). However, this was not easy as he was facing resistance on the same Act from the Southerners in the US. His motives were crystal as he aimed at getting rid of racial discrimination against the non-natives; moreover, this would guarantee him more votes in the following elections (Cokie and Steve,